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Written By: Dyllan Furness, Science Communication Manager | The Florida Flood Hub

Some 150 miles off the coast of Florida in the Gulf of Mexico, an uncrewed yellow submersible dives deep below the sea surface. Its mission: collect data for hurricane forecasting.

The submersible, which began its three-month deployment in July, is part of an eight-vessel research fleet operated by the Center for Ocean Technology (COT) at the 哔咔漫画 College of Marine Science (USF CMS). Starting this season, COT will receive around $200,000 over two years from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to monitor ocean conditions in the eastern Gulf of Mexico and along the South Atlantic Bight, which stretches from North Carolina to the Florida Keys.

Semiautonomous vessels operated by COT and other NOAA partners will capture key data to help the federal agency improve the representation of the ocean and atmosphere in hurricane forecast models. COT collected these data in the past, but this is the first year the team deploys submersibles specifically for this purpose.

Called gliders for the graceful way they move through water, each COT vessel can travel hundreds of miles on months-long missions and send data back to shore via satellite. Since gliders have no people on board, they have greater endurance, fewer risks, and lower costs than crewed vessels.

鈥淕liders are one of the most cost effective and reliable ways to gather subsurface data,鈥� said Chad Lembke, a project engineer at COT. 鈥淭hey can cover many miles from the surface to the seafloor with little input needed from human operators.鈥�

Read more: Keeping our eyes on hurricanes

This ability to traverse the water column makes gliders valuable for hurricane research and monitoring. to form and sustain their strength. Warm waters provide energy to turn tropical storm systems into powerful hurricanes, and the deeper the warm water reaches into the water column, the more fuel at the storm鈥檚 disposal.

鈥淪cientists have realized that water 鈥榓t depth鈥� is an important factor in hurricane intensification,鈥� said Lembke. 鈥淏y using gliders to measure the depth of warm water, researchers can better quantify the total heat content available to storms, which helps NOAA鈥檚 hurricane forecasters better understand whether a storm will increase in strength as it approaches landfall.鈥�

In addition to temperature, gliders monitor ocean salinity, another key metric that helps experts predict hurricane intensity. Research has shown that areas of low salinity can cause storms to intensify and trigger rapid intensification, a dangerous phenomenon during which a storm鈥檚 top wind speed increases by 35 mph in a single day. Hurricane Ian went through two bursts of rapid intensification before it made landfall in southwest Florida last year.

Read more: How the College of Marine Science responded to Hurricane Ian

鈥淔resh water from nearby rivers can have an influence on the ocean's ability to mix up colder, deeper waters that might help reduce a storm's strength,鈥� said Kathy Bailey, a program manager for , which leads the glider effort. 鈥淲e are able to 鈥榮ee鈥� these features in glider measurements of temperature and salinity. We need accurate ocean and atmosphere models to forecast hurricane intensity 鈥� these measurements are used to help keep the ocean models on track, so we have the best chance of producing an accurate hurricane intensity forecast with the best ocean information possible.鈥�

Gliders are good for monitoring more than hurricanes. They鈥檙e packed with a suite of onboard sensors that assist with assessments of water quality, fisheries management, and ocean circulation models. Lembke compares gliders to pickup trucks for the way his team can load them up with instruments.

Since 2020, as part the College鈥檚 Center for Red Tide Tracking and Forecasting effort, gliders operated by USF CMS have been focused on helping scientists monitor red tide, which has had devastating impacts on marine life and economies along Florida鈥檚 Gulf Coast. Data about physical and chemical properties such as temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen has been used to refine computer models that predict red tide development.

NOAA鈥檚 funding is well-timed. , including up to five major hurricanes. Those predictions are in part driven by above-average temperatures in the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea.

The new funding, which supports one deployment in the Gulf of Mexico and two in the Atlantic Ocean, allows COT to focus its gliders on gathering data to improve hurricane forecasting and enable communities to better prepare for storms.

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